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First Aid

Reference algorithms

Adult Drowning CPR

  1. 01
    V — Safety
    Safe rescue from water
  2. 02
    Pull onto firm surface
    Lay on back
  3. 03
    O — Responsiveness
    Shake shoulders, call
  4. 04
    D — Airway
    Head tilt, chin lift
  5. 05
    D — Breathing 10s
    Look, listen, feel
  6. 06
    Call 112 (speakerphone)
    Send for AED
  7. 07
    5 INITIAL RESCUE BREATHS
    Drowning-specific!
  8. 08
    30 chest compressions
    5–6 cm depth, 100–120/min
  9. 09
    2 rescue breaths
    1 sec each, watch chest
  10. 10
    Continue 30:2
    Until AED or recovery
  11. 11
    Apply AED
    Dry chest first
  12. 12
    Follow voice prompts
    Resume CPR after shock

Standard Adult CPR

  1. 01
    V — Scene safety
  2. 02
    O — Responsiveness
    Shake, call
  3. 03
    D — Airway open
    Head tilt, chin lift
  4. 04
    D — Check breathing 10s
  5. 05
    Call 112, request AED
    Speakerphone
  6. 06
    30 compressions
    5–6 cm, 100–120/min
  7. 07
    2 rescue breaths
    1 sec each
  8. 08
    Continue 30:2
  9. 09
    AED ASAP
    Pad placement: R-collarbone + L-axilla

Paediatric CPR

  1. 01
    V — Safety
  2. 02
    O — Tap (don't shake infant)
  3. 03
    D — Airway
    Neutral (infant) / slight tilt (child)
  4. 04
    D — Breathing 10s
  5. 05
    5 INITIAL RESCUE BREATHS
  6. 06
    Call 112
    Send for AED
  7. 07
    15 compressions
    Infant ~4cm, child ~5cm
  8. 08
    2 breaths
    Cover mouth+nose for infant
  9. 09
    Continue 15:2
  10. 10
    AED after 1 min
    Immediately if cardiac/electrocution

Adult Choking

  1. 01
    Can they cough/speak?
    Mild = encourage coughing
  2. 02
    Severe? Lean forward
    No effective cough
  3. 03
    5 back blows
    Between shoulder blades
  4. 04
    Check after each
    Object out?
  5. 05
    5 abdominal thrusts
    Heimlich: between navel & xiphoid
  6. 06
    Alternate sets
    Until object out or unconscious
  7. 07
    If unconscious
    Lay flat, 112, look in mouth, CPR 30:2
  8. 08
    After success: see doctor
    Always

Infant Choking

  1. 01
    Severe obstruction?
    No cry, no cough
  2. 02
    Face DOWN on forearm
    Head lower than body
  3. 03
    5 back blows
    Between shoulder blades
  4. 04
    Turn face UP
    Other forearm, head lower
  5. 05
    5 chest thrusts
    Same spot as compressions
  6. 06
    NO abdominal thrusts!
    Never on infants
  7. 07
    Alternate
    Until out or unconscious
  8. 08
    Unconscious: 5 breaths + 15:2
    Look in mouth

Suspected Stroke (GROM)

  1. 01
    G — Speech
    Repeat a sentence
  2. 02
    R — Arms up
    Hold both up — does one drop?
  3. 03
    O — Smile
    Symmetric? Drooping?
  4. 04
    M — Minutes count
    Even ONE sign → call 112
  5. 05
    Note onset time
    Critical for treatment
  6. 06
    Conscious: head slightly raised
  7. 07
    Vomiting: lateral position
    Maintain airway
  8. 08
    Unconscious + breathing: recovery
  9. 09
    No food/drink/medications

Severe Bleeding

  1. 01
    Gloves on
    Always PPE first
  2. 02
    Direct pressure
    Sterile gauze + hand pressure
  3. 03
    Elevate limb
    If possible
  4. 04
    Compression bandage
    Rolled pad on wound + firm wrap
  5. 05
    Still bleeding? Add another pad
    On top, wrap again
  6. 06
    Major limb bleed/amputation
    Esmarch tourniquet 5-8 cm above
  7. 07
    Mark TIME of tourniquet
    Critical info for EMS
  8. 08
    Treat for shock
    Lay flat, cover, monitor
  9. 09
    Call 112

Anaphylaxis

  1. 01
    V — Safety
    Remove allergen if possible
  2. 02
    Recognise life threats
    Breathing, swelling, dizzy, hives
  3. 03
    Call 112 IMMEDIATELY
  4. 04
    EpiPen if available
    Outer thigh, hold 10 sec
  5. 05
    Position by symptom
    Breathing → upright; dizzy → flat
  6. 06
    No food or drink
  7. 07
    Be ready for CPR
  8. 08
    Second EpiPen after 5 min
    If no improvement and available

Snakebite (viper)

  1. 01
    Keep patient still
    Slows venom spread
  2. 02
    Wash with water if possible
  3. 03
    Remove jewellery, tight items
    Swelling will come
  4. 04
    Immobilise the limb
  5. 05
    Call 112
  6. 06
    Cool the area
    If possible
  7. 07
    Photograph snake if safe
    For identification
  8. 08
    NEVER suck/cut/burn
    Worsens damage
  9. 09
    Transport to hospital