Hypoglycaemia signs

• Difficulty concentrating, fatigue
• Hunger, weakness, headache, dizziness
• Sweaty, pale, cold skin
• Trembling, vision problems
• Confusion, irrational behaviour, seizures
• Decreased consciousness

Hypoglycaemia care

• Conscious + can swallow: sugar cubes, juice, jelly, sweet drink
• Wait for effect; if improving → another sweet snack, keep monitoring
• No improvement in 15 min → call 112
• Unconscious: NOTHING in mouth, recovery position, call 112
• Look for medical alert bracelet, insulin pump, or sensor on upper arm
• SAMPLE

Hyperglycaemia signs

Thirst, frequent urination, fatigue, fruity breath, deep breathing, possible altered consciousness. With altered consciousness → recovery position, call 112, SAMPLE.

Generalised seizure presentation

• Possible aura beforehand (taste, smell, unease)
• Sudden loss of consciousness
• Body stiffens, falls uncontrollably
• Arched back, loud difficult breathing
• Cyanotic lips
• Whole-body twitching
• Clenched teeth, foamy bloody saliva (tongue bite)
• Loss of bladder control
• After ~minutes: muscles relax, breathing returns
• Post-ictal confusion / disorientation

Children under 5 — febrile convulsions

Triggered by high body temperature. Look like epileptic seizures. Cool the child with lukewarm water as part of first aid.

Heat stroke

• Body temperature can exceed 40 °C
• Initial: sweating stops (heat exhaustion)
• Red, flushed skin
• Headache, dizziness, malaise
• Confusion, restlessness, seizures
• Decreasing consciousness → unconsciousness

Heat stroke care

• VODDO, call 112
• Move to shade or cool space
• Remove excess clothing, fan
• Conscious: cool drink in sips
• >40 °C: immerse from neck down in cool water (1–26 °C)
• Target: drop to <39 °C
• Use wet sheets, cold packs, fans, cool shower or mist
• SAMPLE

Asthma attack

• Suffocation, WHEEZING ON EXHALE, cough
• Difficulty speaking — short sentences only
• Rapid breathing, fear, anxiety
• Exhaustion, sweating
• Cyanotic lips and fingertips

Asthma care

• VODDO
• Sitting position, loosen clothing, calm
• Slow deep breaths
• Help use their INHALER (2 puffs every 2 min, up to 10 puffs)
• No improvement → call 112
• Continuous monitoring
• SAMPLE
• Respiratory arrest → CPR algorithm

Inhaler use

• Remove cap, shake, prime by spraying once into the air
• Patient exhales, then puts mouthpiece in mouth
• Activate while patient INHALES DEEPLY
• Hold breath 10 seconds
• Repeat as prescribed

Anaphylaxis warning signs

• Skin: hives, redness, itchy/watery eyes
• GI: belly pain, vomiting, diarrhoea
• Respiratory: wheezing, gasping, hoarseness
• Face/throat: swelling of face, lips, tongue, difficulty swallowing
• Circulation: sweating, fast pulse, low BP, dizziness
• Possible loss of consciousness

Anaphylaxis care

• VODDO
• Remove allergen if possible
• Identify life-threats: breathing trouble, facial swelling, dizziness, circulation collapse
• Call 112 IMMEDIATELY
• If patient has an EpiPen and you know how → help inject
• Breathing-focused: position to ease breathing
• Circulation-focused (dizzy): lie flat
• No food or drink
• Be ready to start CPR
• SAMPLE